轉貼及小部分翻譯—營養價值表

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Nutritional Values of Amphibian Foodsby Jennifer MackeWhat are the most nutritious foods for carnivorous amphibians in captivity? The following are considered important factors:

• Protein. A good staple diet should be relatively high in protein.
• Fat. Some fat is needed in the diet. As in human diets, some fats are better than others.
• Calcium. When considering the calcium content of a food, pay particular attention to the calcium-to-phosphorous ratio; the availability of the calcium is affected by phosphorous. Ideally, the Cahos ratio should be >1. Foods that have a lower ratio should be gutloaded, supplemented, or balanced with other foods.
• Vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 is required for the absorption of calcium. Live foods generally contain some vitamin D3, and it is included in most calcium supplements. There have been reports that some commercial supplements may contain an excessive amount of vitamin D3, so do your homework about the brand you are buying. Vitamin D3 can be obtained through exposure to UV light, but most amphibians do not require UV.
• Vitamin A. Like mammals, amphibians are unable synthesize vitamin A and must obtain it from their diet. It is present in most live foods. It is required for proper development and physiology, but excessive amounts are very toxic.
• Carotenoids. Carotenoids are forms of vitamin A, but amphibians are not necessarily able to interconvert among the chemical forms. Carotenoids are necessary for the formation of some orange and red skin pigments.
• Energy (calories). All foods listed below have a caloric content in the range of 4 - 7 kcal/g of dry weight. The exact amount is not generally critical. Foods higher in fat generally contain more calories per gram.
  

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Footnotes

NA: Data not available.
aFor pinhead crickets, the calcium and phosphorous values shown are from Reference 2. Note that Reference 1 reported values for pinheads being similar to those of adult crickets. We know of no explanation for the large discrepancy in the Cahos ratio reported by the two different studies.
bPhoenix worms are larvae of the soldier fly, Hemetia illucens.
cAnchovies are not a commonly-used food for amphibians, but are used in some commercial fish foods. Anchovies are included in this table as an example of a fish that has been analyzed whole (bones included). Note that calcium content is much higher for whole fish than for fish filets. Other whole fish are likely to be similar.
dLiver is no longer recommended as a food for amphibians, as it contains excessively high levels of vitamin A, which can interfere with absorption of vitamin D and, hence, calcium. Other varieties of liver, such as chicken liver, have nearly identical levels of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals to those given for beef liver.
eValues for rat are very similar to values for mouse.

References
Bernard, JB and Allen, ME. 1997. Nutritional Advisory Group Handbook, Fact Sheet 003. Nutritional Aspects of Insects as Food.
Barker, D, Fitzpatrick, MP, Dierenfeld, ES. 1998. Nutrient composition of selected whole invertebrates. Zoo Biology 17:123-134.
Information from the manufacturer's website, Rangen Salmon Feeds.
United States Department of Agriculture website, Nutrient Data Laboratory.
Sheppard, D. Craig, personal communication of data from an independent analysis performed for Phoenix Worms.
Dierenfeld, ES, Alcorn, HL, Jacobsen, KL. 2002. Profiles of Nutrient Composition of Whole Vertebrate Prey (Excluding Fish) Fed in Zoos.
Ellward, Trace, personal communication. Data from an independent analysis of Nephelopis obscura, a commercially-available bait leech species in the U.S.A. Data available on request.

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The table below shows the nutritional values of foods that are commonly used.
Food	蛋白質	脂肪	鈣	磷	鈣磷比	Ref.
	(% dry wt)	(% dry wt)	(% dry wt)	(% dry wt)
Blackworms	47.8	20.1	0.11	0.85	0.12	1
紅蟲	52.8	9.7	0.38	0.9	0.42	1
蟋蟀，成體	64.9	13.8	0.14	0.99	0.14	1
蟋蟀，pinheada	NA	NA	1.29	0.79	1.63	2
杜比亞	53.9	28.4	0.2	0.5	0.4	1
蚯蚓	62.2	17.7	1.72	0.9	1.91	1
夜色	60.7	4.4	1.52	0.96	1.58	1
果蠅	63.9	19.5	0.1	1.05	0.09	1
果蠅幼蟲	40.3	29.4	0.59	2.3	0.25	1
蛆蟲	56.8	20	0.41	1.13	0.36	1
麥皮蟲	52.7	32.8	0.11	0.77	0.14	1
孑孓	42.2	16.1	0.79	1.07	0.73	1
蚯蚓	46.1	15.1	0.19	0.73	0.26	1
水蚤	55.2	6.6	0.1	1.17	0.08	1
蠟蟲	42.4	46.4	0.11	0.62	0.17	1
Phoenix wormsb	45.3	32.4	2.33	1.53	1.52	5
水蛭	85.3	4.3	0.16	0.94	0.17	7
鮭魚球	44	18	NA	NA	NA	3
蝦，生	83.3	8.3	0.22	0.85	0.26	4
魷魚，生	84.2	5.3	0.47	2.03	0.23	4
鮭魚，生	63.5	34.2	0.039	0.75	0.05	4
鱈魚，生	93.4	4.56	0.084	1.07	0.08	4
鳀魚，生的，wholec	74	18.5	0.544	0.644	0.84	4
牛心，生	76.9	20	0.03	0.92	0.03	4
牛肝，rawd;	69	13.8	0.017	1.33	0.01	4
沙朗牛肉，生	79.4	16.1	0.081	0.756	0.11	4
雞胸肉，生	92	4	0.044	0.784	0.06	4
1日齡雞仔	64.9	22.4	1.69	1.22	1.39	4
幼鼠(粉紅色)	64.2	17	1.17	NA	NA	6
鼠	55.8	23.6	2.98	1.72	1.73	6
青蛙，綠色	71.2	10.2	4.8	1.87	2.29	6
南部蟾蜍	61	14	2.94	1.79	1.64	6
鵪鶉	71.5	31.9	3.43	NA	NA	6